A Circular Linked List is just a simple linked list with the next pointer of the last node of a linked list connected to the first node.

As you can see in the above picture that there is no start and end of a circular linked list, but we will maintain a pointer to represent the last element of the linked list as shown in the picture given below.

We have chosen to keep a record of the last element and not the first because inserting a new node after the last node will be efficient in this case instead of traversing over the entire list in the case of keeping the record of the first element.

There are also many applications of a circular linked list like:

• In a multiplayer game, a circular linked list can store the players and give each of them change one by one.
• Computers also need to share their resources with each running application turn by turn and this is done with circular linked list.
• Circular Linked Lists are also used to develop other data structures like Queue.

Now, we know about a circular linked list, so let’s start making one.

## Coding Up a Circular Linked List

We will start by making a function to initialize and return a circular linked list - INIT_CIRCULAR_LINKED_LIST(key).

key is the data which we are going to store in the first node of the linked list. So, we will start by making a new node and setting its data equal to the key.

z = new node
z.data = key

Now we have a node and to make it a circular linked list, we will point its next pointer to itself.

 z.next = z 

This is our last node as well as the first node, so we will initialize a new circular linked list and mark it as the last node and return it.

c = new circular_linked_list
c.last = z
return c

INIT_CIRCULAR_LINKED_LIST(key)
z = new node
z.data = key
z.next = z

c.last = z
return c


As we have initialized our circular linked list, let’s move ahead and discuss about inserting and deleting nodes from it.

## Inserting a new node in Circular Linked List

To insert a new node at any position, we will have to break the existing link and add the new node at that position.

So, let’s make a function which will take the new node (n) and the node after which we are going to insert this node (a) - INSERT_AFTER(n, a).

The next of the new node will point to next of the node a i.e., n.next = a.next.

After this, we will point next of the node a to the new node n - a.next = n.

INSERT_AFTER(n, a)
n.next = a.next
a.next = n


Suppose we want to insert a node after the last node. We can simply use the INSERT_AFTER function to do so but what if someone wants to make this newly added node the last node of the linked list? We will make a different function for this case.

We will pass the linked list (L) and the new node (n) to the function i.e., INSERT_AT_LAST(L, n).

We will simply insert the node by connecting the new node to the first node and the last node to the new node.

 n.next = L.last.next L.last.next = n 

At last, we will update the last pointer of the linked list.

 L.last = n 

INSERT_AT_LAST(L, n)
n.next = L.last.next
L.last.next = n
L.last = n


## Deleting a Node from Circular Linked List.

Let’s start writing our function by passing the node to be deleted (n) and the linked list (L) to it i.e., DELETE(L, n).

We will first make a temporary pointer to the last node of the linked list i.e., temp = L.last. After this, we will check if the node to be deleted is the last node or not. If it is the last node, then we will have to update the last pointer. In the case of the last node, it is also possible that the node is the only node of the linked list, we will handle this case differently.

 if n == l.last //last node     if n.next == n: //only one node         l.last = NULL     else: //more than one node and last node         temp.next = n.next         l.last = temp //updating last pointer 

When the linked list has only one node (if n.next == n), we are making it null - l.last = NULL.

If the linked list has more than one node and the node to be deleted is the last node, we are pointing the next pointer of the node previous to the node to be deleted to the next of it - temp.next = n.next. At last, we are updating the last pointer - l.last = temp.

When the node to be deleted is not the last node, then we don't have to update the last pointer. We will just connect the previous node to the next node of the node which we are going to delete.

 temp.next = n.next 

DELETE(L, n)
temp = L.last
while temp.next != n
temp = temp.next

if n == L.last //last node
if n.next == n //only one node
L.last = NULL
else //more than one node and last node
temp.next = n.next
L.last = temp //updating last pointer
else //not last node
temp.next = n.next

• C
• Python
• Java
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
}node;

typedef struct circular_list {
struct node *last;

//to make new node
node* new_node(int data) {
node *z;
z = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
z->data = data;
z->next = NULL;

return z;
}

node *z;
z = new_node(key);
z->next = z;

c->last = z;
return c;
}

void insert_after(node *n, node *a) {
n->next = a->next;
a->next = n;
}

void insert_at_last(circular_linked_list *l, node *n) {
n->next = l->last->next;
l->last->next = n;
l->last = n;
}

void delete(circular_linked_list *l, node *n) {
node *temp = l->last;
while(temp->next != n) {
temp = temp->next;
}
if(n == l->last) { //last node
if(n->next == n) { //only one node
l->last = NULL;
}
else {//more than one node and last node
temp->next = n->next;
l->last = temp; //updating last pointer
}
}
else {//not last node
temp->next = n->next;
}
free(n);
}

node *temp = l->last;
printf("%d\t",temp->data);
temp = temp->next;

while(temp != l->last) {
printf("%d\t",temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}

int main() {

node *a, *b, *c;
a = new_node(20);
b = new_node(30);
c = new_node(40);

l->last->next = a;
a->next = b;
b->next = c;
c->next = l->last;

traversal(l);

node *z;
z = new_node(50);
insert_after(z, c);
z = new_node(25);
insert_after(z, a);
z = new_node(100);
insert_at_last(l, z);

traversal(l);
delete(l, l->last);
delete(l, b);

traversal(l);

return 0;
}

class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None

def __init__(self, key):
z = Node(key)
z.next = z
self.last = z

def insert_after(n, a):
n.next = a.next
a.next = n

def insert_at_last(l, n):
n.next = l.last.next
l.last.next = n
l.last = n

def delete(l, n):
temp = l.last
while temp.next != n:
temp = temp.next

if n == l.last: #last node
if n.next == n: #only one node
l.last = NULL
else: #more than one node and last node
temp.next = n.next
l.last = temp #updating last pointer
else: #not last node
temp.next = n.next
del n

def traversal(l):
temp = l.last
a = str(temp.data)+"\t"
temp = temp.next

while temp != l.last:
a = a + str(temp.data) + "\t"
temp = temp.next
print(a)

if __name__ == '__main__':

a = Node(20)
b = Node(30)
c = Node(40)

l.last.next = a
a.next = b
b.next = c
c.next = l.last

traversal(l)

z = Node(50)
insert_after(z, c)
z = Node(25)
insert_after(z, a)
z = Node(100)
insert_at_last(l, z)

traversal(l)

delete(l, l.last);
delete(l, b);

traversal(l);

class Node {
public int data;
public Node next;

public Node(int data) {
this.data = data;
this.next = null;
}
}

public Node last;
Node z = new Node(key);
z.next = z;

this.last = z;
}

public void traversal() {
Node temp = this.last;
System.out.print(temp.data+"\t");
temp = temp.next;

while(temp != this.last) {
System.out.print(temp.data+"\t");
temp = temp.next;
}
System.out.println("");
}

public void insertAfter(Node n, Node a) {
n.next = a.next;
a.next = n;
}

public void insertAtLast(Node n) {
n.next = this.last.next;
this.last.next = n;
this.last = n;
}

public void delete(Node n) {
Node temp =this.last;
while(temp.next != n) {
temp = temp.next;
}
if(n == this.last) { //last node
if(n.next == n) { //only one node
this.last = null;
}
else {//more than one node and last node
temp.next = n.next;
this.last = temp; //updating last pointer
}
}
else {//not last node
temp.next = n.next;
}
}
}

class CircularMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Node a, b, c;
a = new Node(20);
b = new Node(30);
c = new Node(40);

l.last.next = a;
a.next = b;
b.next = c;
c.next = l.last;

l.traversal();

Node z;
z = new Node(50);
l.insertAfter(z, c);
z = new Node(25);
l.insertAfter(z, a);
z = new Node(100);
l.insertAtLast(z);

l.traversal();

l.delete(l.last);
l.delete(b);

l.traversal();
}
}


Till now, we have learned about linked lists. In the next chapters, we will use these data structures to make other data structures like stacks, queues, etc. So, let’s move to the next section and learn about those.

Never memorize something that you can look up
- Albert Einstein